Hanfu Knowledge

After the evolution of different dynasties, there are many styles and collar types. Today, Fashion Hanfu will introduce 6 common collar types of Chinese Hanfu for you. 1. JiaoLing (Cross collar) JiaoLing (Cross collar) Hanfu is a kind of collar type often seen in Hanfu, which is a typical feature of Hanfu collar type. Jiao Ling, as the name implies, refers to the front of the garment left and right intersection. The lapel of Hanfu is usually covered to the right with the letter Y, called the right lapel. The characteristics of right Lapel appeared at the beginning of the birth of Hanfu and have been continuing and influencing some ethnic costumes with deep Sinicization. It is the most original, basic, and a core feature of Hanfu. JiaoLing (Cross collar) 2. TanLing (Tan collar) TanLing (Tan collar), also known as u-collar, is one of the Han collar types. It is a kind of short coat developed by ShangRu since Wei and Jin Dynasties. It was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. So you can see a lot of this kind of dress in Dunhuang murals. The clothing with flat collar is usually tight, such as narrow sleeves and narrow waist.…

Hanfu, as the traditional clothing of China, appeared as early as 5000 years ago in the Huaxia period. And until the Han Dynasty, uniform dress standards were established, and Han Fu clothing officially became the basic style clothing for the ancient Chinese people. The Han Dynasty clothing developed rapidly in this period and had a great influence on the history of Chinese dress. Each China's dynasty has its own memorable culture. Han dynasty, for the first time, costume design and color use have become unified, making traditional Chinese clothing an extremely important part of Chinese culture and a great work of art. Actually, throughout China's history, clothing style experienced a notable changing from ancient times to the modern era. Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. The Han dynasty is a long history, but the Han dynasty clothing retained its simple and elegant style. So, let's through this short article to explore that fascinating history.   A Brief History of Han Dynasty Clothing The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). To this day,…

As Hanfu has received more and more attention and has important cultural significance, Hanfu is becoming a popular cultural trend. More and more Hanfu lovers take Hanfu to the streets and are seen by the public. However, due to the rapid development of Hanfu, many people are not clear about Hanfu and drama costumes, and even regard Hanfu as drama costumes. In this article, we will make a simple distinction and explanation between Hanfu and opera costumes from the aspects of the definition, style, design, and use. Hanfu is Hanfu, and the opera costume is opera costume, they are different. It may be that the opera costumes are inspired by Hanfu, so there are some similarities in appearance, but a careful study shows that there are great differences between them. Definition Hanfu, the abbreviation of Chinese Han traditional costumes, carries more than 30 kinds of intangible traditional culture and arts and crafts. Hanfu can be divided into two stages: ancient traditional Hanfu and modern Hanfu. The ancient traditional Hanfu originated from the clothes created by the Yellow Emperor and disappeared in the early Qing Dynasty. It is a self-contained clothing culture system; Modern Hanfu is a national traditional dress system…

Tang Dynasty clothing mainly refers to the Tang Dynasty Hanfu clothes. Tang Dynasty is a period of great prosperity of China's feudal society. Both people's thoughts and material production have reached the ancient historical peak. Since the Tang Dynasty, a large number of flower patterns have been widely used in craft decoration. Its composition is lively and free, dense and symmetrical, plump, and mellow. Especially after the combination of wavy continuous patterns and floral plants, it was the popular pattern in that period. Tang Dynasty beauty pictures The style of the Tang Dynasty clothing has taken real flowers, grass, fish, and insects for sketching, instead of the previous creative idea of the "Mandate of Heaven." Still, the traditional mythical animals, like dragon and phoenix pattern, has not been excluded. At this time, the design of costume patterns tends to express the free, open mind and casual artistic style. The Feature of Tang Dynasty Clothing In the Tang Dynasty, foreign trade was developed, and the country was peaceful for a long time. Especially when the Tang Dynasty became the center of economic and cultural exchanges among Asian nations, it was the most glorious page in the history of Asian history. This…

Recently, the launch of “a dream of splendor” has set off a Chinese upsurge in pursuing drama. As an ancient costume work, “a dream of splendor” stands out in many film and television dramas updated at the same time. Whether it is word-of-mouth or broadcast volume, popularity, and topic degree, all occupy absolute advantage. So what is the reason why this show has such a good audience rating? 1. Theme Plot “A dream of splendor” has quite a say in terms of subject matter. The play is adapted from the drama “Zhao Pan’er saves the wind and the moon” by Guanhanqing, a dramatist of the Yuan Dynasty. Guanhanqing is one of the most accomplished writers in the history of Chinese drama. His life-long drama works are very rich, and they all have the significance of reflecting the social reality. The theme of his works is profound, the structure is rigorous, and the image is lively and vivid. The story of “a dream of splendor”, which took place in the Song Dynasty, mainly tells the story of Zaopan’er, Songyinzhang, and Sun Sanniang, who went through all kinds of hardships in Bianjing and finally worked together to turn the small tea shop…

Recently, the "National Reading Conference · 2023 China Good Book" ceremony was broadcast on CCTV, where People's Fine Arts Publishing House's "A Brief History of Chinese Clothing" was honored with the 2023 China Good Book Award. To celebrate, the publisher hosted a book sharing event titled "A Glimpse of Millennia—Discovering the Beauty of Chinese Culture Through 'Hanfu'" at Tianjin Publishing Building's Jindu Bookstore. Professor Hua Mei spoke at the book sharing session The event featured a lively discussion with three distinguished guests: Professor Hua Mei, author of the awarded book and an expert in costume history; Qi Dejin, a professor of fashion design at the School of Art at Tianjin University of Science and Technology; and Li Ling, an associate professor of fashion at the School of Fashion and Art at Tianjin Polytechnic University. Readers gave speeches photo from: https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27240427 The discussion delved into the defining characteristics and historical evolution of Hanfu, the traditional Chinese attire, and its stylistic elements in modern fashion design. The panel also explored the poetic expression of Hanfu and how it can foster cultural confidence.Hua Mei began by highlighting that Hanfu embodies the sartorial essence of the Chinese nation. She cited the stunning performance at this…

2021 can be considered a prolific year for Chinese hanfu costume related programs. In addition to the familiar Henan TV, which presents a wonderful tour series on the occasion of Chinese traditional festivals, there are also a number of hanfu programs based on Chinese hanfu, traditional dance, and traditional sports events. This article sorts out these programs for you and will continue to update the latest ones. In chronological order by program broadcast. 2022 24节气系列 · 24 Solar Terms 2022 端午奇妙游 · The Marvelous Tour of the Dragon Boat Festival Broadcast time: June 2, 2022 Type: Gala Duration: 56 minutes 2022 The Marvelous Tour of the Dragon Boat Festival is a Duanwu Festival program produced by Henan TV and co-produced by Youku. The program tells the multiple origins of the Dragon Boat Festival by expanding from the commemorating Qu Yuan to knowledge about astrology and solar terms. 2022 元宵奇妙游 · Lantern Festival Wonderful Tour Broadcast time: February 14, 2022 Type: Gala Duration: 52 minutes "Lantern Festival Wonderful Tour" is a series of "Chinese Festivals" produced by Henan TV and co-produced by Youku. Through 3 chapters, the audience can feel the hope of "Yuan", the romance of "Xiao" and the family feeling…

Zhou Dynasty In Zhou Dynasty, black was called onyx which represented the color of heaven. Therefore, black wedding dresses are considered very noble at that time. An excerpt found in the "Book of Rites, Suburban Special Sacrifice" stated that Zhou Dynasty weddings were low-key and held in a private manner. No gongs, no drums, or music were heard and the wedding was typically held in the evenings. Wei-Jin Dynasties White wedding dresses can be backtracked to as early as the Wei-Jin Dynasties. During this period, ancient Chinese believed that white is pure, simple, and unpretentious. White corresponded to gold out of the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire, and earth, which happens to align with Jin Dynasty implementation of the Jinde system. Therefore, the emperors of the Jin Dynasty wore white gauze hats. The princes also wore white silk dresses when they got married. More information can be found on the "Book of Jin". Another reason is that during the Wei, Jin, Southern, and Northern Dynasties, wars were rampant, and people generally despaired of reality, began to focus on carpe diem in time, or pursue the illusory Taoist metaphysics. Metaphysics is prevalent, and what people are pursuing is "taking…

The mere mention of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties often evokes a single thought: chaos. The era was marked by relentless strife: the War of the Eight Princes, the Disaster of Yongjia, the Five Barbarian Invasions, the Six Garrison Rebellions, the Rebellion of Hou Jing... It's a time so plagued by wars that it’s hard to keep track. People lived in constant turmoil, exacerbated by the barbaric and fierce invaders. Traditionally, this period is viewed as one of the darkest in Chinese history.To truly grasp the tumultuous history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, one must understand the six legendary families that shaped this era.The Most Prestigious Clan: The Wang Family of Langya When the Western Jin Dynasty fell, the Sima family barely escaped with their lives, famously crossing the Yangtze River with just five horses. Sima Rui, with the backing of the powerful Wang family of Langya, established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang (modern-day Nanjing), becoming Emperor Yuan of Jin.Sima Rui’s ascent to power was inseparable from the support of the Wang family. As recorded in "Shishuo Xinyu," upon his enthronement, Emperor Yuan insisted that Prime Minister Wang Dao share the imperial bed with him…

As an integrated cultural system, Hanfu can contain totally different expressions at the same time. The ancient traditional Hanfu is a way of expression, and the daily Hanfu with modern style is also a way of expression. We should treat the traditional and modern Hanfu with an inclusive attitude. Now let’s take a look at the differences between traditional and modern Hanfu? The traditional dress of Han Dynasty is elegant, like a cloud of immortals. Modern Hanfu pays more attention to the beauty in details. After all, the pursuit of “beauty” may be one of the reasons why young people like Hanfu. Therefore, the current Hanfu is not limited to restoration, but focuses more on the beauty and convenience. Traditional Hanfu Modern Hanfu Neckline: Traditional Hanfu: in the Ming Dynasty, because of the cold weather at that time, the cross collar design of the jacket was very high, almost covering the whole neck. Modern Hanfu: but the jacket and collar of the current Hanfu are very shallow, more beautiful, and more modern. Modern Hanfu Color: Traditional Hanfu: due to the limited colors in ancient Han Dynasty, the most common colors in ancient Hanfu are cinnabar, indigo, azure and other common…

Song Dynasty clothing mainly refers to the Song Dynasty Hanfu clothes, including the popular clothing in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, which is a pearl in the development of clothing history.   Brief of Song Dynasty clothing In the beginning, the function of clothing is to shield the body from the cold, but with the development of society, clothing has gradually been given other meanings, which has become a class manifestation of different levels. In feudal society, the dress system has always been an important system of monarch's administration. Different classes and occasions wear different clothes, which cannot violate the regulations. ancient paintings in the Song Dynasty Moreover, clothing can reflect the characteristics of the times. The political, economic, and cultural prosperity of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, in such a social background, has formed a majestic, open, and magnificent clothing characteristics. While the Song Dynasty is different from the prosperous Tang Dynasty in the strength of the force, its emphasis on culture and light military, advocating the social trend of thought of Neo Confucianism, making the Song Dynasty clothing changed the magnificent atmosphere of the previous dynasty, became simple and elegant, conservative and introverted, but also…

The history of the Shangsi Festival dates back to ancient times, and in the ancient China, Shangsi had already become a large-scale folk festival. With the arrival of spring and clear, bright scenery, people would step out of their homes, gather by the water, and participate in rituals to purify and dispel inauspicious energies. According to historical records, the Shangsi Festival was already popular during the Spring and Autumn Period. The term "Shangsi" first appeared in Han Dynasty literature. This festival had a unique custom before the Han Dynasty, serving as a carnival organized by the government for young men and women. The "Zhou Li • Di Guan • Mei Shi" recorded, "In the middle of the spring month, men and women were ordered to gather. At that time, those who ran away were not restrained." The term "ran away" refers to young men and women meeting outdoors, and besides bathing by the riverside, romantic affairs during these gatherings were not considered a violation of customary norms. The Shangsi Festival is also associated with witchcraft activities aimed at warding off evil spirits using orchid-infused water. Orchids were considered spiritual entities with a fragrant aroma. Before conducting significant rituals, ancient people observed…

The Tang dynasty makeup style can almost be said to be the most versatile in the entire ancient history of China, because both in terms of national power and politics, the Tang dynasty almost reached the pinnacle of history, and because of this prosperity, the makeup of the women's makeup in the people's peace of environment constantly changing refinement. With the transformation of the early Tang Dynasty, the flourishing Tang Dynasty, and the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the makeup was also making different changes, and for this reason, some special makeups were created, as we can see from the many ancient wall paintings and drawings.   Early Tang Dynasty makeup style: the beauty of simplicity In the early Tang Dynasty, influenced by the short-lived Sui Dynasty (581-617), the royal family did not pursue luxury and advocated simplicity. Therefore, the overall makeup of the women's more subtle and graceful, to lightly coated with lead white makeup and lightly coated with rouge red makeup mainly.  | White Makeup | Since ancient times, people have advocated the beauty of white, so women have the custom of powder, only to the Tang Dynasty, women's powder and style more diverse and prevalent. During the…

In the process of evolution, there are dozens or even hundreds of styles of Chinese clothes. This article mainly introduces the most classical styles of Chinese Hanfu clothes. Women's clothing Suit Ruqun(襦裙) Ruqun is a kind of hanfu, also call: Shanqun (衫裙), short clothes worn on the upper body, call "Ru", and the dress of the lower body, call "Qun", together call "Ruqun". It is a typical "Shangyi Xiachang(top clothes and underdress) " form. Ruqun has an obvious feature: short top and long dress. The Ruqun appeared in the Warring States Period, Ruqun was worn by ordinary people(female) until the end of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Jiaoling Ruqun/ Shanqun(交领襦裙/衫裙) Jiaoling Ruqun is a kind of Ruqun, the main feature is: the top collar is cross. It is quite common in the Song Dynasty. Wearing method: First: Wear top clothes, Align the collar of the top clothes; Tie a knot in right Jin(襟, the chest part of the top); Tie a knot in left Jin. Second: tie up the dress, Put the dress in front of you, wrap the skirt behind you; Two sides of the dress overlap behind; Folding outwards the pressing on the inner layer of dress; Adjust…

Meet Princess Pingyang, a fearless woman who lived during the tumultuous times of ancient China. Born in the 590s to Li Yuan, the founding emperor of the Tang Dynasty, she was destined for greatness. When her father planned to rebel against the tyrannical Emperor Yang of the Sui Dynasty, Pingyang fearlessly answered his call, defying all odds. With her husband hesitant to join her, Pingyang made a bold decision and went alone, confident that her gender would offer her some protection. And boy, was she right! She quickly rallied hundreds of men, distributing her wealth among them and earning their unwavering loyalty. With her army of rebels growing, Pingyang led the charge, capturing cities left and right, and soon had a force of over 70,000 men! Her father was impressed by her military genius and granted her the coveted title of General, and the nickname "Army of the Lady". The following year, they successfully overthrew the Sui Dynasty, and Li Yuan established the Tang Dynasty, crowning himself Emperor Gaozu, with Princess Pingyang by his side. Sadly, Princess Pingyang died a few years later, but her father ensured that her contributions would never be forgotten. When the Ministry of Rites refused…

Feiyufu (飞鱼服) first became known to the public because of the "New Dragon Gate Inn (新龙门客栈)", "Flying Swords of Dragon Gate (龙门飞甲)", "Brotherhood of Blades (绣春刀)" and other martial arts film works about the Jin Yi Wei (锦衣卫, Embroidered Uniform Guard) appeared one after another. The look of a handsome black leather Feiyufu of the Jin Yi Wei undoubtedly attracted the attention of many people. As Feiyufu became more and more famous, it almost became the representative of the Ming Dynasty official uniform in the general public's mind. So what exactly is Feiyufu and did every Jin Yi Wei in history get to wear it? In this article, we will introduce the history of Feiyufu and the origin of Jin Yi Wei, hope it will be helpful to you.   What is a Feiyufu? The name Feiyufu does not refer to a specific style of hanfu, but all hanfu decorated with Feiyu embroidery or Feiyu Buzi (补子, Mandarin square) are called Feiyufu, which only limits the style of the pattern, not the style of the clothing. In the Ming Dynasty, the Buzi on the Changfu (常服, work formal wear) of the officials were patterned with birds and animals. In the…

In recent years, Hanfu has received more and more attention. More and more Hanfu cultural festivals are being held in different cities in China, and worldwide, and thousands of Hanfu enthusiasts are participating in them. The Beauty of Hanfu Is in the Heritage So why is Hanfu so popular? In today's society, people have higher and higher requirements for aesthetics, and the special classical beauty of Hanfu attracts countless people to love it, and then to pay attention to it and understand it. So it is no wonder that Hanfu is so popular. And the beauty of Hanfu is not just on the surface, but in the thousands of years of traditional etiquette and civilization of the Chinese nation that it carries. Today we bring you some of the Hanfu collections from "Yi Guan Da Cheng-Ming Dynasty Costume Culture Exhibition", these collections come from the Shandong Museum and Confucius Museum, most of them are Ming Dynasty clothing, which is not only beautifully made and complete sets, but also very significant for costume research. I hope you can also learn something from these collections. Detailed video about "Yi Guan Da Cheng-Ming Dynasty Costume Culture Exhibition":  Based on the previous dynasty,…

The Han Chinese attire stands out as a vibrant mosaic of styles, contrasting with the more regimented Manchu dress code. Han Chinese Women of the Qing era embraced a rich variety in their daily clothing, crafting a panorama of styles that celebrated individuality and heritage despite their socio-political background. Everyday Han attire was an elegant blend of comfort and grace. This ensemble typically included a short jacket, skirt, and either a vest or cloak. The small coat featured a sizable right lapel, distinguishing it from the longer robes favored by the Manchu elite. Complementing this were sleeveless vests and long open-sleeved cloaks, encapsulating the everyday charm of Han Chinese femininity. Literary Echoes of Qing Dynasty Fashion The Qing Dynasty's literary works provide a vivid window into the world of Han Chinese fashion. Rich descriptions paint a picture of women adorned in ornate hairstyles and layered outfits of brilliant hues and luxurious fabrics. Gold accessories often featured prominently, highlighting the intricate detailing that defined Han women's daily fashion and underscoring attire's role in expressing identity and social status. Ceremonial Attire of the Qing Dynasty Ceremonial attire during the Qing Dynasty was a grand spectacle, marrying sophistication with tradition. This ensemble, replete with iconic…

As a traditional Chinese costume, Hanfu not only interprets the unique Chinese clothing culture but also shows the long history of Chinese traditional costume. So how to buy a suitable Hanfu for yourself? Fashion Hanfu explains to you how to choose the most suitable Hanfu from the aspects of fabric, pattern, and style. 1. Fabric The quality of the fabric determines whether the Hanfu is high-grade or not. If the fabric is too rough, even if the style is good-looking, it will give people a low-cost rough feeling, not only won’t let you beauty down all living beings, but also give people a strange feeling, without the softness and delicacy of Hanfu. The fabrics of classical Hanfu are mainly divided into brocade, silk, silk, Luo, silk, cloth, cotton, hemp, yarn, etc. Modern Hanfu materials are mainly divided into chiffon, silk, cotton and hemp, blended cotton and hemp. In a word, no matter what kind of fabric you choose, the most important thing is to breathe. Don’t choose Hanfu with bad materials just for the sake of small and cheap. It will not only damage your skin, but also affect the overall beauty of Hanfu. Hanfu itself is smart, elegant, natural,…

Han Dynasty clothing refers to the hat and clothing system of the Han Dynasty. After the strict governance of the Qin Dynasty, Liu Bang, who rose to power from a common background, aimed to give the people a break and did not make significant changes to the general systems, including the clothing system, which largely followed the Qin Dynasty. It wasn't until the second year of Emperor Ming of the Eastern Han Dynasty's Yongping era (59 AD) that a formal and comprehensive regulation was established. Hanfu in Social Hierarchy  The hierarchical status of clothing during the Han Dynasty was primarily reflected through hats and ceremonial sashes. Different official ranks had different hats. Therefore, the hat system was particularly complex, with as many as 16 types. There were also strict regulations for shoes during the Han Dynasty. Ritual attire required wearing flat shoes (xu), court attire required wearing (lü) shoes, and outdoor attire required wearing sandals (ji). When women got married, they were supposed to wear wooden clogs, which were painted and tied with colorful ribbons. Historical Evolution During the early period of Emperor Gaozu of Han, Liu Bang himself had a limited understanding of the symbolic role of clothing. He once…

Every winter, the whistling cold wind has become the standard, especially in the northern part of China, it is often cold. In ancient times, without heating and air conditioning, how did people survive the cold winter? House Warmth: Fire wall and Kang In cold winter, a warm house is undoubtedly the best way to keep warm. In ancient times, fireplace, firewall, and so on are good heat preservation way. People build the walls of a house into a hollow sandwich wall. Under the wall, there is a fire passage. There are holes at the end of the fire passage, which can discharge smoke. The carbon mouth for adding fire is under the eaves of the house. After the charcoal fire burns, the heat can be transferred to the whole house along the sandwich wall. This kind of sandwich wall is called a “firewall”. Warm Food: Warm wine, hot pot In winter, the human body has a high demand for heat, and ancients will choose to eat some warm food as much as possible. Ginger, mutton, and so on. The ancients believed that drinking alcohol can also warm the body. So people like to sit around the stove in the cold…

While some cultures might think of December as the month of twinkling lights and festive cheer, for ancient China, it held a different significance. The 21st or 22nd of December marked the Dongzhi Festival, a celebration of the winter solstice, the year's shortest day and longest night. But Dongzhi wasn't just about cozying up by the fire. It was a time steeped in rich history, philosophy, and tradition, a turning point in the natural world and a moment of cosmic balance. A Dance of Yin and Yang: Imagine the universe as a delicate dance between yin and yang, darkness and light, cold and warmth. Ancient Chinese believed the winter solstice marked the peak of yin, with darkness holding sway. Yet, Dongzhi also held the promise of yang's gradual ascendance. Days would slowly lengthen, signifying hope and renewal. This shift resonated deeply, inspiring customs and symbolism throughout the festival. Grand Ceremonies and Family Reunions: Emperors, in elaborate ceremonies, worshipped the heavens and ancestors, seeking blessings for bountiful harvests. Commoners gathered with families, offering sacrifices and sharing meals filled with symbolic significance. Dumplings, resembling the full moon, represented wholeness and family unity. Tangyuan, sweet rice balls symbolizing reunion, were shared in steaming…

The red pattern on a woman's forehead in ancient times is called "Huadian (花钿)", a special accessory for women's facial makeup. Beautiful make-up has been an indispensable hot topic in women's life since ancient times. Chinese ancient women's make-up of each evolution in the long history will leave endless reverie and wisdom for future generations. Chinese dramas such as "The Longest Day In Chang'an" and "Serenade of Peaceful Joy" in the last two years have caused audiences to explore ancient women's makeup. The stunning red pattern - Huadian, on the forehead of the woman we see most often, also contains countless charming and touching stories.   The Origin of Huadian The red pattern on a woman's forehead in ancient times is called "Huadian (花钿)", a special accessory for women's facial makeup. There is a beautiful legend about the rise of Huadian. According to the legend, Princess Shouyang, daughter of Liu Yu, Emperor Songwu of the Southern Dynasty, was resting outside of the Hall of the Hanzhang one day. The plum tree in front of the palace was a breeze, drifted down a plum blossom, impartial just stick to the princess's forehead, can not be uncovered. Three days later, the plum…

January Flower Plum Blossom The plum blossom, also known as the flower of January, holds a significant place in Chinese culture. It symbolizes strength, nobility, and modesty, making it one of the most revered flowers in Chinese art and literature. The beauty of the plum blossom lies in the fact that it blooms in the harshest of winter conditions. Its resilience and perseverance have made it a symbol of courage and strength. The flower is also known as the flower of Five Blessings, as its five petals represent happiness, wealth, longevity, peace, and success. The use of plum blossoms in Chinese culture dates back more than 3,200 years. Initially, it was used for flavoring food and as a sacrificial offering. Later, it became an essential ingredient in cosmetics, herbal medicine, and as an ornamental flower. During the Tang and Song dynasties, the beauty and virtues of the plum blossom gained the admiration of scholars and artists. They developed a whole ornamental theory around the flower, appreciating its place, time, shape, and activities. Plum blossom, together with orchid, bamboo, and chrysanthemum, formed the “Four Gentlemen” or “Four Noble Ones” in Chinese art, with each flower representing different virtues and highly valued…