Hanfu Knowledge

As an integrated cultural system, Hanfu can contain totally different expressions at the same time. The ancient traditional Hanfu is a way of expression, and the daily Hanfu with modern style is also a way of expression. We should treat the traditional and modern Hanfu with an inclusive attitude. Now let’s take a look at the differences between traditional and modern Hanfu? The traditional dress of Han Dynasty is elegant, like a cloud of immortals. Modern Hanfu pays more attention to the beauty in details. After all, the pursuit of “beauty” may be one of the reasons why young people like Hanfu. Therefore, the current Hanfu is not limited to restoration, but focuses more on the beauty and convenience. Traditional Hanfu Modern Hanfu Neckline: Traditional Hanfu: in the Ming Dynasty, because of the cold weather at that time, the cross collar design of the jacket was very high, almost covering the whole neck. Modern Hanfu: but the jacket and collar of the current Hanfu are very shallow, more beautiful, and more modern. Modern Hanfu Color: Traditional Hanfu: due to the limited colors in ancient Han Dynasty, the most common colors in ancient Hanfu are cinnabar, indigo, azure and other common…

The Tang dynasty makeup style can almost be said to be the most versatile in the entire ancient history of China, because both in terms of national power and politics, the Tang dynasty almost reached the pinnacle of history, and because of this prosperity, the makeup of the women's makeup in the people's peace of environment constantly changing refinement. With the transformation of the early Tang Dynasty, the flourishing Tang Dynasty, and the middle and late Tang Dynasty, the makeup was also making different changes, and for this reason, some special makeups were created, as we can see from the many ancient wall paintings and drawings.   Early Tang Dynasty makeup style: the beauty of simplicity In the early Tang Dynasty, influenced by the short-lived Sui Dynasty (581-617), the royal family did not pursue luxury and advocated simplicity. Therefore, the overall makeup of the women's more subtle and graceful, to lightly coated with lead white makeup and lightly coated with rouge red makeup mainly.  | White Makeup | Since ancient times, people have advocated the beauty of white, so women have the custom of powder, only to the Tang Dynasty, women's powder and style more diverse and prevalent. During the…

In the process of evolution, there are dozens or even hundreds of styles of Chinese clothes. This article mainly introduces the most classical styles of Chinese Hanfu clothes. Women's clothing Suit Ruqun(襦裙) Ruqun is a kind of hanfu, also call: Shanqun (衫裙), short clothes worn on the upper body, call "Ru", and the dress of the lower body, call "Qun", together call "Ruqun". It is a typical "Shangyi Xiachang(top clothes and underdress) " form. Ruqun has an obvious feature: short top and long dress. The Ruqun appeared in the Warring States Period, Ruqun was worn by ordinary people(female) until the end of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Jiaoling Ruqun/ Shanqun(交领襦裙/衫裙) Jiaoling Ruqun is a kind of Ruqun, the main feature is: the top collar is cross. It is quite common in the Song Dynasty. Wearing method: First: Wear top clothes, Align the collar of the top clothes; Tie a knot in right Jin(襟, the chest part of the top); Tie a knot in left Jin. Second: tie up the dress, Put the dress in front of you, wrap the skirt behind you; Two sides of the dress overlap behind; Folding outwards the pressing on the inner layer of dress; Adjust…

Hanfu sleeve types include many classic styles, such as wide sleeves, chuihu sleeves, and drooping beard sleeves. Each sleeve type has its unique historical background and design characteristics. These gorgeous sleeve shapes have undergone a long process of development, forming an important part of the Han costume culture, and have been loved and inherited by many Han costume enthusiasts in modern times. The sleeve types of Hanfu clothing are very diverse, with different sleeve designs for different periods, social status, and occasions. The following are some common Hanfu sleeve types. Straight Sleeves Its characteristic is that the sleeve is straight and tubular, with no too many wrinkles and folds from the shoulder to the cuff, which is relatively simple. During the Han Dynasty, straight sleeves were one of the formal clothes worn by officials, literati, and other upper-class men, usually worn in combination with long shirts, mandarin coats, and other lower clothing. There are generally two types of straight sleeves: long sleeves and short sleeves. Long sleeves generally reach to the wrist and are suitable for wearing in cold weather, while short sleeves are suitable for wearing in warm seasons. The straight sleeve design is simple and straightforward, and is…

Many Hanfu lovers will encounter such a problem: how to clean Hanfu? How to maintain Hanfu correctly? Before washing Hanfu, we need to know the fabric of Hanfu? Commons are cotton and hemp, chemical fiber, silk, and so on. If you don’t know the fabric, you can consult Hanfu merchants and check the details of the goods. Generally, regular businesses will mark Hanfu fabrics and washing and maintenance precautions. The most easily dirty part of Hanfu is the lower skirt and collar edge. If the washing and drying process is not proper, it is easy to become yellow and old after several times of wearing. How to wash and dry the Hanfu with different fabrics? 1. Cotton and hemp clothes: Generally, hand washing is recommended. For washing machine washing, gentle washing is recommended. Washing time should not be too long, 30 minutes is appropriate; soaking time is less than 15 minutes. After washing, the Hanfu should be dried in a cool place. Direct sunlight will also cause cotton and flax to turn yellow. Before storage, it is recommended to fold flat after ironing and keep the package clean and dry to prevent mildew. In addition, if the Hanfu is white…

Recently, the launch of “a dream of splendor” has set off a Chinese upsurge in pursuing drama. As an ancient costume work, “a dream of splendor” stands out in many film and television dramas updated at the same time. Whether it is word-of-mouth or broadcast volume, popularity, and topic degree, all occupy absolute advantage. So what is the reason why this show has such a good audience rating? 1. Theme Plot “A dream of splendor” has quite a say in terms of subject matter. The play is adapted from the drama “Zhao Pan’er saves the wind and the moon” by Guanhanqing, a dramatist of the Yuan Dynasty. Guanhanqing is one of the most accomplished writers in the history of Chinese drama. His life-long drama works are very rich, and they all have the significance of reflecting the social reality. The theme of his works is profound, the structure is rigorous, and the image is lively and vivid. The story of “a dream of splendor”, which took place in the Song Dynasty, mainly tells the story of Zaopan’er, Songyinzhang, and Sun Sanniang, who went through all kinds of hardships in Bianjing and finally worked together to turn the small tea shop…

There are several mythological fairies in ancient Chinese folklore, but here are four well-known ones: Zhinü: Also known as the "Weaving Maid" or "Vega," Zhinü is a fairy who falls in love with a mortal cowherd named Niulang. They marry and have children, but are separated by the goddess of heaven because their love is forbidden. However, they are allowed to meet once a year on the seventh day of the seventh lunar month when magpies form a bridge over the Milky Way for them to cross. Xiwangmu: Also known as the "Queen Mother of the West," Xiwangmu is a powerful fairy who rules over the mystical Kunlun Mountains in western China. She is associated with immortality, longevity, and healing, and is often depicted holding a peach of immortality. Nuwa: Nuwa is a goddess who is often depicted as a half-human, half-snake figure. She is credited with creating humans and repairing the sky after a great disaster. Nuwa is associated with fertility, creation, and the balance of yin and yang. Bai Mudan: Also known as the "White Peony Fairy," Bai Mudan is a beautiful fairy who is said to have the power to bring happiness and good fortune to those…

This article focuses on the changes in the popularity of traditional Chinese women's clothing from the Ming and Qing dynasties to the early Republic of China. Please read in conjunction with "Ming-style Hanfu collar types diagram" The early Ming dress continues the style of the Yuan dynasty Duanyi (短衣, short clothes), inherited the style of dressing with Duijin (对襟, symmetrical lapels) worn as Jiaojin (交襟, cross lapels) in Song and Yuan Dynasty At this time, also called Dui Jiao Chuan (对交穿). There is also a Jiaoling Youren (交领右衽, wrapping the right side before the left) style. In the mid-Ming period, the sleeve type and skirt door gradually widened, and there was a Tao sleeve (裪袖, sleeve edge protruding from the cuff) structure. According to cultural relics, the stand collar Duijin Shan appeared in the palace system during this period, and was fixed with metal sub-buttons. The style of Dui Jiao Chuan (对交穿) was also excavated in this period, and the more special one is the Mamian skirt with narrow sleeves and thin pleats. Regarding the style of the Mamian skirt, according to the research of excavated cultural relics, the structure of [trapezoidal pleat] and [wide sleeve door] was popular in the…

Ma Mian Qun is a kind of traditional Chinese dress. Some people call it “horse face pleated skirt”. It is suitable for matching with jacket and shirt. Do you know how to wear Chinese horse face skirt(Ma Mian Qun)? Step 1: Unfold the horse dress（Ma mian qun) and put it behind your back; Step 2: Wrap the lace-up of the right skirt from the front to the back. If the skirt has a hole, go through the hole; Step 3: If there is no opening in the skirt, it should be wound from the top of the skirt; Step 4: The left side of the skirt will fit along the left side of the waistline; Step 5: The two laces cross behind and around in front of you; Step 6: Tie the two ties around the front of your body; Step 7: Put on the vertical collar, the lapel, the jacket and button up, and wear it;

The fusion of tradition and fashion is making waves in China, and the Mǎmiàn skirt, a quintessential piece of traditional Chinese attire, is at the forefront of this trend.  On May 17th, "China’s Most Beautiful Costumes Series – The Five Colors of Mǎmiàn Skirts" was released in Shanghai, published by Donghua University Press. This groundbreaking scholarly book delves into the origins, evolution, and aesthetic significance of the Mǎmiàn skirt through literature, images, and physical artifacts.Jia Xizeng, the author of the book, an alumnus of Donghua University and a professor at Tsinghua University’s Academy of Arts & Design, explained, “The Mǎmiàn skirt is a classic and highly representative style in traditional Chinese attire. Its history is long and distinguished, its appearance unique, its craftsmanship exquisite, and its functionality well-thought-out. It embodies the integration of beauty and utility in traditional Chinese dress, as well as the humanistic philosophy of expressing culture through clothing.” He clarified that the term “Mǎmiàn” does not refer to a horse’s face but to defensive structures like watchtowers and bastions that extend from city walls, forming T-shaped angles to eliminate blind spots and allow for multi-directional defense. The skirt’s pleated design resembles these structures, hence the name Mǎmiàn…

Zhongshan suit, for many men, is a feeling and yearning. The new Chinese suit, which combines tradition with fashion, is more popular with political and business elites. Zhongshan suit (Chinese tunic suit) is also called the Mao suit, is designed by Sun Yat-sen on the basis of a widely absorbing Western-style suit and integrating the characteristics of Japanese student clothing and Chinese clothing. Zhongshan suit has four pockets, five big central buttons in the front, and three smaller buttons on each sleeve. It was very popular in the Republic of China (1911-1949). In April 1929, the Zhongshan suit was promulgated as a legal uniform by the national government. Since the 1950s, Zhongshan suit has become a formal costume from the state leaders to ordinary people. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, due to the shortage of materials and manpower, some simplification and improvement have been made to the traditional Zhongshan suit, which has been popularized nationwide. Mao Zedong (the founder of the People's Republic of China) often wears for important activities, so the Zhongshan suit is also known as the Mao suit. Mao Zedong and Mao suit The Significance of Zhongshan Suit Sun Yat-Sen also gave this…

The mere mention of the Wei, Jin, and Southern and Northern Dynasties often evokes a single thought: chaos. The era was marked by relentless strife: the War of the Eight Princes, the Disaster of Yongjia, the Five Barbarian Invasions, the Six Garrison Rebellions, the Rebellion of Hou Jing... It's a time so plagued by wars that it’s hard to keep track. People lived in constant turmoil, exacerbated by the barbaric and fierce invaders. Traditionally, this period is viewed as one of the darkest in Chinese history.To truly grasp the tumultuous history of the Southern and Northern Dynasties, one must understand the six legendary families that shaped this era.The Most Prestigious Clan: The Wang Family of Langya When the Western Jin Dynasty fell, the Sima family barely escaped with their lives, famously crossing the Yangtze River with just five horses. Sima Rui, with the backing of the powerful Wang family of Langya, established the Eastern Jin Dynasty in Jiankang (modern-day Nanjing), becoming Emperor Yuan of Jin.Sima Rui’s ascent to power was inseparable from the support of the Wang family. As recorded in "Shishuo Xinyu," upon his enthronement, Emperor Yuan insisted that Prime Minister Wang Dao share the imperial bed with him…

As a traditional Chinese costume, Hanfu not only interprets the unique Chinese clothing culture but also shows the long history of Chinese traditional costume. So how to buy a suitable Hanfu for yourself? Fashion Hanfu explains to you how to choose the most suitable Hanfu from the aspects of fabric, pattern, and style. 1. Fabric The quality of the fabric determines whether the Hanfu is high-grade or not. If the fabric is too rough, even if the style is good-looking, it will give people a low-cost rough feeling, not only won’t let you beauty down all living beings, but also give people a strange feeling, without the softness and delicacy of Hanfu. The fabrics of classical Hanfu are mainly divided into brocade, silk, silk, Luo, silk, cloth, cotton, hemp, yarn, etc. Modern Hanfu materials are mainly divided into chiffon, silk, cotton and hemp, blended cotton and hemp. In a word, no matter what kind of fabric you choose, the most important thing is to breathe. Don’t choose Hanfu with bad materials just for the sake of small and cheap. It will not only damage your skin, but also affect the overall beauty of Hanfu. Hanfu itself is smart, elegant, natural,…

Recently, the "National Reading Conference · 2023 China Good Book" ceremony was broadcast on CCTV, where People's Fine Arts Publishing House's "A Brief History of Chinese Clothing" was honored with the 2023 China Good Book Award. To celebrate, the publisher hosted a book sharing event titled "A Glimpse of Millennia—Discovering the Beauty of Chinese Culture Through 'Hanfu'" at Tianjin Publishing Building's Jindu Bookstore. Professor Hua Mei spoke at the book sharing session The event featured a lively discussion with three distinguished guests: Professor Hua Mei, author of the awarded book and an expert in costume history; Qi Dejin, a professor of fashion design at the School of Art at Tianjin University of Science and Technology; and Li Ling, an associate professor of fashion at the School of Fashion and Art at Tianjin Polytechnic University. Readers gave speeches photo from: https://www.thepaper.cn/newsDetail_forward_27240427 The discussion delved into the defining characteristics and historical evolution of Hanfu, the traditional Chinese attire, and its stylistic elements in modern fashion design. The panel also explored the poetic expression of Hanfu and how it can foster cultural confidence.Hua Mei began by highlighting that Hanfu embodies the sartorial essence of the Chinese nation. She cited the stunning performance at this…

Imagine strolling through a bustling market, exploring popular tourist spots, or heading to work or school, all while dressed in a flowing, wide-sleeved hanfu. This traditional Chinese attire, rich with historical charm, has become the latest fashion craze among people in China. Hanfu, with its deep roots in Chinese tradition, resonates with a growing appreciation for cultural heritage and aesthetics. Once reserved for special occasions or photo shoots, hanfu is now becoming a common sight in everyday life, from shopping trips to daily commutes. The Soaring Popularity of Hanfu In recent years, the influence of Chinese traditional culture has surged, bolstered by cultural festivals like China Huafu Day and various tourism events. This cultural wave has significantly boosted hanfu's popularity. A notable incident involving an international brand allegedly copying the "mamianqun" (a type of pleated skirt) further heightened awareness and interest in hanfu. Hanfu is no longer confined to specific groups. Its appeal has spread across genders, ages, and city tiers, reaching a wide audience. From first-tier cities to cultural tourism hotspots, hanfu consumption is expanding geographically. Currently, the primary consumers of hanfu are young women. First-tier and cultural tourism cities are the main markets, with rapid growth rates. Interestingly,…

After the evolution of different dynasties, there are many styles and collar types. Today, Fashion Hanfu will introduce 6 common collar types of Chinese Hanfu for you. 1. JiaoLing (Cross collar) JiaoLing (Cross collar) Hanfu is a kind of collar type often seen in Hanfu, which is a typical feature of Hanfu collar type. Jiao Ling, as the name implies, refers to the front of the garment left and right intersection. The lapel of Hanfu is usually covered to the right with the letter Y, called the right lapel. The characteristics of right Lapel appeared at the beginning of the birth of Hanfu and have been continuing and influencing some ethnic costumes with deep Sinicization. It is the most original, basic, and a core feature of Hanfu. JiaoLing (Cross collar) 2. TanLing (Tan collar) TanLing (Tan collar), also known as u-collar, is one of the Han collar types. It is a kind of short coat developed by ShangRu since Wei and Jin Dynasties. It was very popular in the Tang Dynasty. So you can see a lot of this kind of dress in Dunhuang murals. The clothing with flat collar is usually tight, such as narrow sleeves and narrow waist.…

As Hanfu has received more and more attention and has important cultural significance, Hanfu is becoming a popular cultural trend. More and more Hanfu lovers take Hanfu to the streets and are seen by the public. However, due to the rapid development of Hanfu, many people are not clear about Hanfu and drama costumes, and even regard Hanfu as drama costumes. In this article, we will make a simple distinction and explanation between Hanfu and opera costumes from the aspects of the definition, style, design, and use. Hanfu is Hanfu, and the opera costume is opera costume, they are different. It may be that the opera costumes are inspired by Hanfu, so there are some similarities in appearance, but a careful study shows that there are great differences between them. Definition Hanfu, the abbreviation of Chinese Han traditional costumes, carries more than 30 kinds of intangible traditional culture and arts and crafts. Hanfu can be divided into two stages: ancient traditional Hanfu and modern Hanfu. The ancient traditional Hanfu originated from the clothes created by the Yellow Emperor and disappeared in the early Qing Dynasty. It is a self-contained clothing culture system; Modern Hanfu is a national traditional dress system…

Hanfu, as the traditional clothing of China, appeared as early as 5000 years ago in the Huaxia period. And until the Han Dynasty, uniform dress standards were established, and Han Fu clothing officially became the basic style clothing for the ancient Chinese people. The Han Dynasty clothing developed rapidly in this period and had a great influence on the history of Chinese dress. Each China's dynasty has its own memorable culture. Han dynasty, for the first time, costume design and color use have become unified, making traditional Chinese clothing an extremely important part of Chinese culture and a great work of art. Actually, throughout China's history, clothing style experienced a notable changing from ancient times to the modern era. Spanning over four centuries, the Han period is considered a golden age in Chinese history. The Han dynasty is a long history, but the Han dynasty clothing retained its simple and elegant style. So, let's through this short article to explore that fascinating history.   A Brief History of Han Dynasty Clothing The Han dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin dynasty (221–206 BC) and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms period (220–280 AD). To this day,…

2021 can be considered a prolific year for Chinese hanfu costume related programs. In addition to the familiar Henan TV, which presents a wonderful tour series on the occasion of Chinese traditional festivals, there are also a number of hanfu programs based on Chinese hanfu, traditional dance, and traditional sports events. This article sorts out these programs for you and will continue to update the latest ones. In chronological order by program broadcast. 2022 24节气系列 · 24 Solar Terms 2022 端午奇妙游 · The Marvelous Tour of the Dragon Boat Festival Broadcast time: June 2, 2022 Type: Gala Duration: 56 minutes 2022 The Marvelous Tour of the Dragon Boat Festival is a Duanwu Festival program produced by Henan TV and co-produced by Youku. The program tells the multiple origins of the Dragon Boat Festival by expanding from the commemorating Qu Yuan to knowledge about astrology and solar terms. 2022 元宵奇妙游 · Lantern Festival Wonderful Tour Broadcast time: February 14, 2022 Type: Gala Duration: 52 minutes "Lantern Festival Wonderful Tour" is a series of "Chinese Festivals" produced by Henan TV and co-produced by Youku. Through 3 chapters, the audience can feel the hope of "Yuan", the romance of "Xiao" and the family feeling…

What Are “Irons” Irons is a kind of tool that irons wrinkled clothes and cloth with heat. In modern times, iron is one of the common household appliances, which is used to iron clothes. Nowadays, irons are of various types according to different designs. However, in ancient times, the irons were originally made of stones, pottery, copper and iron pieces, which were heated on the fire and pressed on the clothes to make them flat. The Origin Of The Name “Irons” On the origin of the name “irons”, there are two explanations in ancient Chinese. One is to take the meaning of Beidou, and the other is that the shape of iron is very similar to that of an ancient cooking utensil “dou”. According to research, the ancient Chinese iron was invented earlier than the electric iron in the West in 1880, and it was the first country in the world to invent and use iron. The Development History Of Irons Shang Dynasty The earliest prototype of the iron appeared in the Shang Dynasty, when it was used as a tool of torture, specially used to burn prisoners’ skin. Until the late Qin and early Han Dynasty, its function was…

Song Dynasty clothing mainly refers to the Song Dynasty Hanfu clothes, including the popular clothing in the Northern Song Dynasty and the Southern Song Dynasty, which is a pearl in the development of clothing history.   Brief of Song Dynasty clothing In the beginning, the function of clothing is to shield the body from the cold, but with the development of society, clothing has gradually been given other meanings, which has become a class manifestation of different levels. In feudal society, the dress system has always been an important system of monarch's administration. Different classes and occasions wear different clothes, which cannot violate the regulations. ancient paintings in the Song Dynasty Moreover, clothing can reflect the characteristics of the times. The political, economic, and cultural prosperity of the prosperous Tang Dynasty, in such a social background, has formed a majestic, open, and magnificent clothing characteristics. While the Song Dynasty is different from the prosperous Tang Dynasty in the strength of the force, its emphasis on culture and light military, advocating the social trend of thought of Neo Confucianism, making the Song Dynasty clothing changed the magnificent atmosphere of the previous dynasty, became simple and elegant, conservative and introverted, but also…

The Warring States Period, spanning from 475 BC to 221 BC, was a time of chaos and transformation in ancient China. This era was marked by incessant warfare and the rise and fall of states, ultimately leading to the unification of China under the Qin Dynasty. Here are 15 key facts that paint a vivid picture of this tumultuous period. 1. A Long Era of Warfare The Warring States Period lasted for 254 years, beginning in 475 BC and ending in 221 BC. It was the final chapter of the Zhou Dynasty (1046–221 BC), which itself was divided into three phases: Western Zhou (1046–771 BC), the Spring and Autumn Period (770–476 BC), and finally, the Warring States Period. 2. The Fall of the Zhou Dynasty The Warring States Period began when nobles withdrew their support for the Zhou Dynasty. The vassal states, granted autonomy through a system of enfeoffment, declared independence and vied for territory, transforming into independent kingdoms. 3. Seven Dominant States (Image from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warring_States_period) By the middle of the Warring States Period, the landscape had consolidated into seven major states: Qin, Chu, Zhao, Wei, Han, Yan, and Qi. Each state controlled significant regions, with Qin in the west, Chu…

The story of clothing and costumes is one of the most fascinating developments in human history. Traditional Chinese Dress & Clothing has a long history and cultural content, and it is an important part of Chinese excellent cultural heritage, so It has particular researching value. Every nation in the world has its unique traditional clothing. The particular histories and cultures could be recognized so as for people to distinguish one citizen from another. China, as a multi-ethnic and time-honored country, has many ethnic minorities who have their indigenous culture. The mutual influences among these different cultures have contributed to the rich textures and fabrics of history and have made Chinese clothing with great variation and glory. Traditional Chinese dress & clothing has been shaped and developed alongside the interactive influences between the outside world and China’s own dynastic traditions. Every different dynastic has different scopes of territory, social values, social norms, etc. Therefore, many aesthetic standards were made according to the environments (socially, geographically, economically, politically) of certain dynastic. This is the main reason why traditional Chinese clothing has such many styles. Mount Huang (黄山) 5 Types of  Traditional Chinese Clothing & Dress For exploring the world of traditional Chinese clothing, it…

Zhou Dynasty In Zhou Dynasty, black was called onyx which represented the color of heaven. Therefore, black wedding dresses are considered very noble at that time. An excerpt found in the "Book of Rites, Suburban Special Sacrifice" stated that Zhou Dynasty weddings were low-key and held in a private manner. No gongs, no drums, or music were heard and the wedding was typically held in the evenings. Wei-Jin Dynasties White wedding dresses can be backtracked to as early as the Wei-Jin Dynasties. During this period, ancient Chinese believed that white is pure, simple, and unpretentious. White corresponded to gold out of the five elements of gold, wood, water, fire, and earth, which happens to align with Jin Dynasty implementation of the Jinde system. Therefore, the emperors of the Jin Dynasty wore white gauze hats. The princes also wore white silk dresses when they got married. More information can be found on the "Book of Jin". Another reason is that during the Wei, Jin, Southern, and Northern Dynasties, wars were rampant, and people generally despaired of reality, began to focus on carpe diem in time, or pursue the illusory Taoist metaphysics. Metaphysics is prevalent, and what people are pursuing is "taking…